ABSTRACT
Aseptic loosening, ascribes to particle induced osteolysis, is the most common reason for total joint arthroplasty failure. Wear particles, liberated from the surface of prostheses, mediate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and increase the osteoclastogenesis. However, it remains unclear how macrophages can recognize wear particles and be induced by wear particles. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that Toll like receptors and inflammasome may play a critical role in osteolysis. However, the mechanism of activation of Toll like receptors and the relationship between TLR pathway and downstream signaling pathways still remain unclear. It will be beneficial to understand the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening by exploring these mechanisms. This article highlights the role of Toll like receptors and inflammasome in aseptic loosening, which is helpful to the development of therapies that prevent wear particle induced aseptic loosening.